Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Advances in Space Research, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
The Sun is a dynamic star that frequently exhibits high-energy phenomena such as solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs). Solar flares and CMEs are closely associated with the generation of SEPs, which are composed of protons, electrons, and heavy ions and pose serious threats to astronauts, satellites, and communication networks. Particularly in space environments, these occurrences have a significant impact on biological species and technological systems, hence impacting space weather.This study explores the relationships between SEPs, X-ray solar flares, and sunspot classifications, using data spanning two full solar cycles from 1996 to 2020. First, we used histograms to show the change of the data over time. Then, to measure the degree of relationship between used data sets the Pearson correlation analyses were performed. We separated the solar proton events (SPEs) that occurred between 1996 and 2020 according to the McIntosh classification (according to Z and c parameter) and extended our knowledge of which sunspot group has a higher potential to produce NOAA-defined SPEs. To test pre-onset behavior more clearly, we additionally performed a superposed epoch analysis by aligning daily proton flux profiles to the NOAA-defined SPE onset day. Finally, we applied Multi Taper Method (MTM) analysis and examined the periods of SEPs. The most important finding of this study is that short-term increases in daily proton fluxes are frequently observed in the early phase of SEP development, preceding the officially defined onset time.