The aim of this study is to show the several and necessary reasons for the formation of the Province of Cilicia. There are several dates provided in modern scholarly works concerning the foundation of the second province of Rome known as Cilicia in Anatolia. The dates which have been proposed for the foundation of this province are usually given as 102 B.C., 80 B.C. or as 64/63 B.C. However the most appropriate date for the foundation of the new province was when Sulla had complete authority. Since several dates have been advanced concerning the foundation of the province, there has been no real contextualization of the political conditions of how and why it was constituted. In the absence of an agreed date for the formation of the province, the campaigns and the appointments made against the pirates are given as the main reason for the foundation of the province. As shown by the appointments of M. Antonius and Sulla, piracy was a continuing feature of the area for centuries, and was of course a very important factor in the foundation of the province. However when we take into consideration the wider political-military situation up to 80 B.C., there is a variety of interconnected reasons for the foundation of this new province. Due to the large area within the borders of the province of Asia, the duties of the province's administrators were very onerous; while the piracy problem remained uncontrolled, together with the increasing threat against Rome caused through the banding together of the various powers in Anatolia against Roman power. Also the economic losses derived from the lack of authority in the area and, in consequence, the security neccessary for the conduct of widespread trade could not be established; it is the combination of these different factors that can be understood as providing the background for this province's foundation.