Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, sa.229, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
This protocol describes a standardized in vitro method for evaluating thermal and surface effects on titanium during Er,Cr:YSGG, and diode laser irradiation using manufacturer-recommended soft-tissue cutting settings. Direct contact thermometry and multimodal surface analysis provide a reproducible workflow for characterizing wavelength-dependent laser titanium interactions.