A green electrochemical sensor based on Fe/N-graphene hybrid nanostructure for trace-level determination of apremilast in biological and pharmaceutical samples
Scientific Reports, cilt.16, sa.1, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 16 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1038/s41598-026-62081-6
- Dergi Adı: Scientific Reports
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Zoological Record, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Apremilast, Biological and pharmaceutical analysis, Differential pulse voltammetry, Electrochemical sensor, Iron-modified graphene, Modified electrode, N-doped graphene nanosheets, Pharmaceutical sample
- Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
- Akdeniz Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
A Fe-containing N-doped graphene nanosheet-modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe/N-Gr/GCE) was developed for the sensitive electrochemical determination of apremilast (APRE), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. The electrochemical response of APRE was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), showing a well-defined oxidation peak in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.0). The enhanced performance of the sensor is attributed to the high surface area and favorable electron-transfer properties of the Fe/N-Gr nanomaterial. Under optimized conditions, a linear range of 0.1–22.0 μM (R2 = 0.998) was obtained, with a detection limit of 0.008 μM and a quantification limit of 0.029 μM. The sensor exhibited good repeatability (RSD = 2.4%) and reproducibility (RSD = 2.1%), confirming its precision and fabrication reliability. Its applicability was demonstrated in synthetic human serum, urine, and pharmaceutical tablets, with recoveries of 97.41–102.71% and RSDs of 1.25–2.36%. Overall, the proposed method offers a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly approach for APRE determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples.